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Determinants of personal exposure to some carcinogenic substances and nitrogen dioxide among the general population in five Swedish cities

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Author

  • Annika Hagenbjork-Gustafsson
  • Andreas Tornevi
  • Eva M. Andersson
  • Sandra Johannesson
  • Tom Bellander
  • Anne-Sophie Merritt
  • Håkan Tinnerberg
  • Flakan Westberg
  • Bertil Forsberg
  • Gerd Sallsten

Summary, in English

Environmental levels of airborne carcinogenic and related substances are comparatively better known than individual exposure and its determinants. We report on a personal monitoring program involving five Swedish urban populations. The aim of the program was to investigate personal exposure to benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The measurements were performed among 40 inhabitants during seven consecutive days, in one urban area each year, during 2000-2008. The estimated population exposure levels were 1.95 mu g/m(3) for benzene, 0.56 mu g/m(3) for 1,3-butadiene, 19.4 mu g/m(3) for formaldehyde, and 14.1,mu g/m(3) for NO2. Statistical analysis using a mixed-effects model revealed that time spent in traffic and time outdoors contributed to benzene and 1,3- butadiene exposure. For benzene, refueling a car was an additional determinant influencing the exposure level. Smoking or environmental tobacco smoke were significant determinants of exposure to NO2, benzene, and 1, 3-butadiene. Those with a gas stove had higher NO2 exposure. Living in a single-family house increased the exposure to formaldehyde significantly. In a variance component model, the between-subject variance dominated for 1,3-butadiene and formaldehyde, whereas the between-city variance dominated for NO2. For benzene, the between-subject and between-cities variances were similar.

Publishing year

2014

Language

English

Pages

437-443

Publication/Series

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology

Volume

24

Issue

4

Document type

Journal article

Publisher

Nature Publishing Group

Topic

  • Environmental Health and Occupational Health

Keywords

  • 3-butadiene
  • 1
  • personal exposure
  • benzene
  • nitrogen dioxide
  • formaldehyde
  • mixed models

Status

Published

ISBN/ISSN/Other

  • ISSN: 1559-064X