Effects of cooling on muscle function and duration of stance phase during gait
Author
Summary, in English
Introduction: Cold exposure alters muscular function. Muscle cooling influences the neuromuscular activation during maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVC) and the amplitude of surface electromyography (sEMG) [1],[2]. It also slows down the mechanical process during contraction [3]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of local cooling in cold water at 10 °C for 20 min in a climate chamber on lower leg muscle activity and gait pattern.
Methods: Sixteen healthy adults (eight females), aged Mean (SD) 27.0(2.9) years; body mass 66.3(9.8) kg; and height 169.5(7.8) cm participated in this experimental study. The median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF) of sEMG from tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles during MVC in ankle planter (PF) and dorsi-flexion (DF) against a hand-held dynamometer as well as contact times on a force plate during gait before and after cooling were measured and analysed.
Results: The MF and MPF were significantly lower (P<0.01*) in both TA and GM muscle during MVC and in TA during gait trials after cooling. However, the frequency analysis for GM muscle showed no significant difference (P=0.46 and 0.06, respectively) either in MF or MPF during walking on level surface (table 1).
Table 1: The means and SD (Hz) for the MF and MPF of the TA and GM during gait and MVC trials before and after cooling (N=16).
sEMG Tibialis Anterior (TA) Gastrocnemius Medialis GM
Pre Cooling Post Cooling Pre Cooling Post Cooling
Gait MF 83.0±10.2* 69.9±9.6* 81.6±12.6 79.3±11.1
Gait MPF 99.7±11.5* 82.3±11.7* 99.8±13.2 93.2±12.4
MVC MF 87.0±9.7* 50.0±6.1* 111.7±16.7* 90.8±14.8*
MVC MPF 100.7±10.6* 59.8±7.7* 129.1±15.3* 101.0±16.1*
Fig 1: Duration of stance phase in gait trials.
Additionally, the post cooling stance phase over the force plate was significantly (P= 0.013) longer than pre-cooling.
Discussion: The significant time difference might be caused by the cold induced MF and MPF decrease in sEMG. Our previous investigation reported that cooling increased the sEMG amplitude and produced fatigue like responses in the leg muscles [2]. Moreover, other studies showed that muscle fatigue resulted in electromechanical delay during cold exposure [1], [4].
Conclusion: Moderate degree and duration of cooling may affect muscle motor unit firing rates, thus shifting the sEMG spectrum to lower frequencies, therefore decreasing the leg muscle force production. The result suggests that muscle cooling can cause cold induced frequency decrease in sEMG similar to fatigue response and lead to reduced muscle performance.
References:
1. Cè, E., Rampichini, S., Agnello, L., Limonta, E., Veicsteinas, A., & Esposito, F. (2013). Effects of temperature and fatigue on the electromechanical delay components. Muscle & Nerve, 47(4), 566-576. doi:10.1002/mus.23627.
2. Halder A, Gao C, Miller M. (2014). Effects of cooling on ankle muscle maximum performances, gait ground reaction forces and electromyography. Journal of Sports Medicine.doi:10.1155/2014/520124.
3. Drinkwater, E. (2008). Effects of peripheral cooling on characteristics of local muscle. Medicine and Sport Science, 5374-88. doi:10.1159/000151551.
4. Rampichini, S., Cè, E., Limonta, E., & Esposito, F. (2014). Effects of fatigue on the electromechanical delay components in gastrocnemius medialis muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(3), 639-651. doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2790-9.
Methods: Sixteen healthy adults (eight females), aged Mean (SD) 27.0(2.9) years; body mass 66.3(9.8) kg; and height 169.5(7.8) cm participated in this experimental study. The median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF) of sEMG from tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles during MVC in ankle planter (PF) and dorsi-flexion (DF) against a hand-held dynamometer as well as contact times on a force plate during gait before and after cooling were measured and analysed.
Results: The MF and MPF were significantly lower (P<0.01*) in both TA and GM muscle during MVC and in TA during gait trials after cooling. However, the frequency analysis for GM muscle showed no significant difference (P=0.46 and 0.06, respectively) either in MF or MPF during walking on level surface (table 1).
Table 1: The means and SD (Hz) for the MF and MPF of the TA and GM during gait and MVC trials before and after cooling (N=16).
sEMG Tibialis Anterior (TA) Gastrocnemius Medialis GM
Pre Cooling Post Cooling Pre Cooling Post Cooling
Gait MF 83.0±10.2* 69.9±9.6* 81.6±12.6 79.3±11.1
Gait MPF 99.7±11.5* 82.3±11.7* 99.8±13.2 93.2±12.4
MVC MF 87.0±9.7* 50.0±6.1* 111.7±16.7* 90.8±14.8*
MVC MPF 100.7±10.6* 59.8±7.7* 129.1±15.3* 101.0±16.1*
Fig 1: Duration of stance phase in gait trials.
Additionally, the post cooling stance phase over the force plate was significantly (P= 0.013) longer than pre-cooling.
Discussion: The significant time difference might be caused by the cold induced MF and MPF decrease in sEMG. Our previous investigation reported that cooling increased the sEMG amplitude and produced fatigue like responses in the leg muscles [2]. Moreover, other studies showed that muscle fatigue resulted in electromechanical delay during cold exposure [1], [4].
Conclusion: Moderate degree and duration of cooling may affect muscle motor unit firing rates, thus shifting the sEMG spectrum to lower frequencies, therefore decreasing the leg muscle force production. The result suggests that muscle cooling can cause cold induced frequency decrease in sEMG similar to fatigue response and lead to reduced muscle performance.
References:
1. Cè, E., Rampichini, S., Agnello, L., Limonta, E., Veicsteinas, A., & Esposito, F. (2013). Effects of temperature and fatigue on the electromechanical delay components. Muscle & Nerve, 47(4), 566-576. doi:10.1002/mus.23627.
2. Halder A, Gao C, Miller M. (2014). Effects of cooling on ankle muscle maximum performances, gait ground reaction forces and electromyography. Journal of Sports Medicine.doi:10.1155/2014/520124.
3. Drinkwater, E. (2008). Effects of peripheral cooling on characteristics of local muscle. Medicine and Sport Science, 5374-88. doi:10.1159/000151551.
4. Rampichini, S., Cè, E., Limonta, E., & Esposito, F. (2014). Effects of fatigue on the electromechanical delay components in gastrocnemius medialis muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(3), 639-651. doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2790-9.
Publishing year
2015-07-04
Language
English
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Document type
Conference paper: abstract
Topic
- Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Keywords
- Gait
- Ground reaction force
- Muscle cooling
- Electromyography
Conference name
16th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, 2015
Conference date
2015-06-29 - 2015-07-03
Conference place
Portsmouth, United Kingdom
Status
Published
Research group
- Human Movement: health and rehabilitation
- Thermal Environment Laboratory