The browser you are using is not supported by this website. All versions of Internet Explorer are no longer supported, either by us or Microsoft (read more here: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/windows/end-of-ie-support).

Please use a modern browser to fully experience our website, such as the newest versions of Edge, Chrome, Firefox or Safari etc.

Spontaneous cross-species imitation in interaction between chimpanzees and zoo visitors

På svenska

Author

Summary, in English

Imitation is a cornerstone in human development, serving both a cognitive function (e.g. in the acquisition and transmission of skills and knowledge) and a social-communicative function, whereby the imitation of familiar actions serves to maintain social interaction and promote prosociality. In nonhuman primates, this latter function is poorly understood, or even claimed to be absent, yet the evidence is gathered mainly from learning experiments - a context which is less adequate for investigating communicative imitation. In this observational study, we documented interactions between chimpanzees and zoo visitors and found that the two species imitated each other at a similar rate, corresponding to 10% of all produced actions. Imitation appeared to accomplish a social-communicative function, as cross-species interactions that contained imitative actions lasted significantly longer than interactions without imitation. In both species, physical proximity promoted cross-species imitation. Overall, imitative precision was higher among visitors than among chimpanzees, but this difference vanished in proximity contexts, i.e. in the indoor environment. Four of five chimpanzees produced imitations; three of them exhibited comparable imitation rates, despite large individual differences in level of cross-species interactivity. We also found that chimpanzees evidenced imitation recognition, yet only when visitors imitated their actions (as opposed to postures). Imitation recognition was expressed by returned imitation in 36% of the cases, and all four imitating chimpanzees engaged in so-called imitative games. Previously regarded as unique to early human socialization, such games testify to the rewarding nature of imitative interaction and serve to maintain social engagement. Contrary to what it has been suggested, the results presented here indicate that nonhuman apes exhibit spontaneous imitation that can accomplish a communicative function. The study raises a number of novel questions for imitation research and highlights the imitation of familiar behaviors as a relevant – yet thus far understudied - research topic.

Department/s

Publishing year

2018-01

Language

English

Pages

19-29

Publication/Series

Primates

Volume

59

Issue

1

Document type

Journal article

Publisher

Springer

Topic

  • Zoology
  • Philosophy

Keywords

  • communication
  • play
  • social cognition
  • prosociality

Status

Published

Project

  • Social bonding as a facilitator of intra- and cross-species imitation

Research group

  • LUCS Cognitive Zoology Group
  • CogComlab

ISBN/ISSN/Other

  • ISSN: 0032-8332